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Calenberg Castle
Calenberg Castle ((ドイツ語:Burg Calenberg), later called ''Schloss Calenberg'' and ''Feste Calenberg''; ruins known as ''Alt Calenberg'') was a medieval lowland castle in central Germany, near Schulenburg in the borough of Pattensen, 13 km west of the city of Hildesheim. It was built as a water castle in 1292 by the Welf duke, Otto the Strict, in der Leine river meadows between 2 branches of the Leine river on the southern part of the chalk marl hill of the Calenberg. At the start of the 16th century it was converted into a fort (''Feste''). In the 15th century, ''Fort Calenberg'' gave its name to the Welf Principality of Calenberg. Following the Thirty Years' War it lost its military importance and was slighted. Today it is a ruin with underground vaults that are surrounded by high ramparts.
== Etymology ==
The word ''Feste'' or ''Veste'' ("fort") stems, like the words ''Festung'' ("fortress") and ''Befestigung'' ("fortification") from the adjective ''fest'' ("strong", "firm" or "immovable"). The adjective in turn has its roots in the Middle High German and Middle Low German word ''veste'' and the Old High German word ''festi'' meaning: ''fortress, castle, fortification and security of a location''.
The word syllables ''Kal'', ''Kalen-'', ''Calen-'' in the word ''Calenberg'' are derived from the word ''kal'' in the Middle High German and Middle Low German languages and mean "bare", "stripped" or "treeless". The name formations with ''Kal'', ''Kalen'' or ''Calen'' could refer to the geological base of rock or stone. So the word ''Calenberg'' means the same as ''kahler Berg'' or "bare hill".
The following variations have been noted: ''dat hus to der kalenborch'' 1327, ''dat slot kalenberch'' 1350, ''...unse del des slotes der Kalenborch'' 1363, ''to dem Kalenberge, unse Slot de Kalenberch'' 1406, ''Haus Calenberg'' 1661, ''Fürstl. Ambtshaus, Fürstl. Palladium'' 1663, ''Altes Schloß Calenberg'' 1730, ''Auf dem Alten Calenberg'' 1777, ''Alt Calenberg'' 1854, ''Alt-Kalenberg'' 1896.〔''Flurnamenlexikon zur Flurnamenkarte Alt-Calenberg'' a.a.O. on pp. 13, 50 and 53.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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